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World History And The Eonic
Effect:
Fourth Edition |
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8.3 The
Eonic Evolution Of Civilization The Axial Interval
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We arrive once again at the onset of the ‘classical’
period, ‘ET5’, with a better perspective on the overall context of this
parallel surge of advance, whose eonic structure is now seen to be almost
identical with what has occurred in the case of
Egypt
and Sumer, in the sense of parallel interactive emergence. Suddenly five dispersed
sources move against the trend of the long-term, and in the process regenerate a
new constellation of civilizations. We see a complex cultural ‘economy’: it
is one field of diffusion, and yet this field is moving as one into separate
realizations, in a pattern independent parallel emergence.
In each transitional area, we see the characteristic stream
and sequence effect: the Shang leads into the Chou, thence to the classical
creative age of
China. The Indus, a clear mideonic acorn in the field of Sumer, disappears as a
civilization well before the next era, and becomes a field blended with the
arrival of the Vedic Aryans, the cousins of the Persians, whose cultural and
religious forms will give the misleading appearance to later times of being the
source of the ancient explorations of consciousness that will suddenly flower in
the transitional age of the Upanishads. We cannot forget that the Persian
t-stream entry contributes the most basic religious innovation in the form of
its Zoroastrian theme, as this becomes a part of the Judaic manifestation, as
this emerges in the most extraordinary of the classical transitions, whose
effect, like Buddhism, dares the future without the instruments of state.
The collision and stubborn conservatism of outstanding
‘state constructs’, such as the Assyrians, seems to drive innovation to the
boundary areas. As we contrast the Assyrians in transition with the Greeks in
light of this view, we get a strange sense of déjà vu, and see the process in a nutshell, with a sense also that
the mixture of phases in the old Mesopotamian world cannot truly regenerate
itself. Thus there is a strong connection between our transition in Sumer
and Greece, in terms of these city-states.
The Indian
sequence seems to show Buddhism emerging from Vedism or Hinduism. But this is a
false picture, a later layer of tradition. Later, we see the jackknife-splitting
of the sources both in India and in the West. In India, the long reaction against early sources and the appearance of Hinduism in its
late forms after the disappearance of Buddhism
is a piece of history that makes
sense only in an eonic interpretation.
Other theories of civilization attempt to find the
civilization in the kingdom. In the case of
Israel, we find an eonic generator emerging from a vanishing kingdom, and a people
proceeding outward with no kingdom but with a legal code. During the period of
the Exile, the kingdom vanishes (and the myth of the Exodus comes into
existence). Bent like a pretzel the result is essentially double, a type of
religious nationalism
, and the seeds of the oikoumene generator that will be spawned, in a fashion
even this analysis finds elusive.
‘ET5,
…’ :
The onset of phase casts its net across
the whole field of
Eurasia
as if to balance a new stage of advance as widely as possible across its
sequential dependencies, to be followed by the obviously concentrated follow-up
from a single source, during the next phase to come. Our three hundred year
transition is open to some ambiguity, as in the modern case. After -1200, the
faintest indications of the new dawn begin. But it is in reality the last two or
three centuries before -600 that are crucial.
‘ET5+, …’ :
This would be the rough period of the ‘divide’, and we see the
sudden convulsion in
Israel
, right on schedule as the system starts to generate its exteriorization. The
period of Solon in
Greece
and emergent Buddhism in
India
would be comparable.
‘ET5++,
…’ : This classical phase especially shows the spectacular emergence of
a bouquet of multiple oikoumenes, from China to the West, as separate yet
intersecting cones of diffusion that fall short of global closure.
This second phase ignites areas that are ready or can
respond in the field of sequential dependency
stretching across
Eurasia
.
‘ET5,
Assyria,
Persia, …Israel, …’ :
As George Roux
notes in Ancient
Iraq
, “Assyria awoke in 911 B.C,” referring to the recovery after the time of
confusion in the Middle East created by the movements of peoples, Semitic and
Indo-European, and generally the breakdown of the whole system created in the
cones of diffusion of
Sumer
and
Egypt
. As Roux notes further, “When the light against comes in about 900 B.C.,”
Western Asia has a new substrate of Aramean culture, the Philistines share
Canaan with the Israelites, the Phoenicians enter a period of prosperity, the
Medes and the Persians are entering the stage, ready to burst into the old
oikoumene after the sudden precipitous fall of the Assyrians in -612. We would
be hard put, at first, to find signs of anything in the way of evidence of
transition too near the older area, but we can see from the distillation of the
Old Testament one unwitting record of how one group of the participants
experienced it, and saw the extraordinary changes that were taking place, and
found themselves attempt to divinize the law of historical change.
It is
interesting that the Assyrians made an effort to preserve the ancient tradition
of
Mesopotamia
in the building of great libraries. The tradition is thus frozen in place, and
much of what we know about the earlier period is in fact derived from this
Assyrian record.[i]
‘ET5,
…
Israel…’:
We should expect great changes from
great forces. But here in the study of the eonic effect we see in the Canaanite
‘Israel’ (Israel/Judah)
the issue of great changes from
point sources. Israel will serve as a vehicle of diffusion for a transformed
version of the ancient tradition, in the emergence of monotheism and
eschatology, evident in the bobbing to the surface of the underground stream in
the Book of Daniel, and the final Qumranic, and Christological, injection of the
theme into the great oikoumene construction, of which the Judaic, in the
Mediterranean world, is the counterpoint to the Roman.
The Israelite transition is confusing, but the symbolism
speaks for itself, as a kingdom disappears, the essence of a kingdom spreads
into the new oikoumene, complete with a legal code, celestial courts of law, but
no government, and a state abstraction, ‘
israel
’. The transition that produced monotheism does not show a monotheistic
society, until after the Exile
as far as can be seen. A close
consideration of and placement beside the Greek transition will suggest that it
is the crucial period from -900 to -600 that is the sudden discontinuous source,
and enough time for the full launching and remorphing of the prior
Israelite-Canaanite stream.[ii]
‘ET5,…Greece
,…’:
Emerging from the period of its Dark
Ages into which it had passed after the collapse of the Mycenaean world, the
great transition of the Greeks, in many ways a premonition of our own
‘modernity’, moves very quickly to establish the foundations of philosophy,
science, new forms of political organization, the tragic drama, and a
resplendent art.
The entire transition is clocked by the change in pottery
styles, beginning with the austere geometric style ca. -900, followed by the
sudden elaboration and flowering, from the eighth century, of the classic styles
that run in parallel with full period of transition. The first date, -776, for
the Olympic Games, indicates the beginning of the visible effects emerging of
the acceleration. The reappearance of writing and the works of Homer by the
middle of the century remind us, that even as overseas colonization and an
economic Boom get underway, the effects of information technology are as
fundamental, and that art at the highest level seems to precede all other
manifestations.
That a portion of our transitional period is hiding behind
this label called ‘The Dark Ages’ is evident by comparison with its parallel
cousins, and by the sudden appearance of the many fully developed cultural forms
in the eighth century, such as the Iliad,
as if without any development at all. The history of
Greece
is invaluable because it shows two separate civilizations built from the same
stream, one in the sequential state of the Mycenaean medievalism, and the
interaction with the e-sequence, the classical
Greece
that we know. The sequence,
Mycenaean, Archaic/Classical, Hellenistic, dramatizes the nature of one of he
most extraordinary form of periodic motion in nature.
Between 750 and 650, we see the end of the period that
produced the Iliad, the rebirth of
literate culture and the new literature that will exploit it, beginning with
Hesiod, and then the seminal Archilochus. This is one of the most rapid periods
of cultural evolution
in history, and we can see, if only
by hypothesis, that it is a global system transformation in the next phase of
oikoumene generation. After -600, and the generation of Solon, the foundations
are laid for the great sequences of the Classical era, in sculpture,
architecture, philosophy, and politics. By -400 the falloff is evident and the
world of the polis passes into the era of the first oikoumene, the Hellenistic
empire of Alexander. The world of the polis
does not lead so happily to the world of Cosmopolis. The Greek transition is
evanescent, and soon bends out of shape.[iii]
‘ET5++’:
Athens
to Rome
The history of
Rome
has for long been the victim of delegation to secondary status in relation to
the
Greece. Our outline gives a complete account of this fact, even as it moves to relieve
the Roman unfoldment to some relief of this peculiar status. For the Roman
emergence, zoned with the Etruscan, is ambiguous in our account in the sense
that it is clear an independent parallel emergent in relation to ‘ET5’, and
yet also, a fluid transformation of the ‘sequential dependencies’ of the
Hellenic Mediterranean network of diffusion, the ‘Greeks overseas’ to use
the phrase of the book by John Boardman. Nothing in our approach forbids this
double aspect. Roman mythology clearly echoes its early transitional generation,
whatever we are to conclude, in its account of the passage to a republic from
the era of kingship.
‘ET5,
…India,…’:
The Indian transition is plainly visible
from a distance in the contrast and sequence of the Vedic, Upanishadic, followed
by the emergent Jainism and Buddhism
and parallel proto-Hinduism,
followed by the typical integration phase of Ashoka, in another variant of
religion and empire, and the clear emergence of the gesture toward oikoumene.
Buddhism and Jainism are in the realization period, ‘ET5+’, analogous to
Judaism in the wake of the prophetic era. The different character of Buddhism,
for example, is always noted as odd but never quite accounted for. This is one
and the same ‘master key’ sequence seen in the Occidental Israelite/Judaic
sequence.
It is fascinating to compare the two, for the Buddhist
glove slipped off the larger Indian t-stream by the time of the Gupta age. That
later ‘Hinduism’ is a complex resurgence of entry t-stream absorbing the
transitional shockwave as a complex flow around makes the correct interpretation
of the outstanding traditions somewhat confusing. The exact cultural
interpretation of the Bhagavad Gita
alone is comparable with the difficulties of the Occidental religious texts. The stream and sequence data for the
Indian transition must take into account the double stream of the earlier
Dravidian mixing with the Aryan entry field, and its blending and transposition
of the spiritual that appears to emerge from the polytheistic world of Vedism.
This preoccupation with religion must not let us forget that the Indian
transition is a broad cultural matrix not so dissimilar from the Greek as a
system of small kingdoms, an economic and political sequence, and the typical
‘empire integration’ in the last phase. [iv]
‘ET5, China,…’:
At about the time of the institution of
the Greek Olympic Games in -776, we enter the period of 550 years from -771 to
-221, the Eastern Chou period, when a phenomenon resembling that of the Greek
polis creates political turbulence, the inability of any one state to control
China, and a period of ferment in which the gestation of the great Chinese
civilization takes place. This whole period is often subdivided into a Spring
and Autumn period (-722 to -481) and a Warring States period (-403 to -221).
The Chinese transitional period is of especial interest
because of its ‘Greeks of the East’ theme and variations, its distance from
the conventional ‘cradle of civilization’ in the Near East, the distinct
character of its creative yet diffusionist beginnings in the early Shang period,
and its rapid movement from these ‘primitive’ Shang beginnings to advanced
civilization after a first period of eonic transition, like a student skipping a
grade in school, and yet moving swiftly to make up the difference. The result is
almost a kind of compression together of the most advanced forms of culture with
a context that almost betrays traces of a more antiquated ‘oriental
despotism’, with its elusive common denominator that shows its beguiling
family resemblance to what occurs in the West. It is, incidentally, this
possibility that two stages of growth can be blended that makes a refutation of
most labeled conceptual sequences of evolutionary development and shows why the
‘eonic sequencing’ of ‘empty’ progressive cycles is the only solution to
broad parallel development.[v]
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Notes |
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Web: appndx3.htm |
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[i]
J. Cooke, The
Persian Empire
(London: J.M. Dent, 1983), Hermann Bengston, The
Greeks and the Persians (New York: Delacorte, 1965).
[ii]
N. P. Lemche, Ancient Israel, A New
History of Israelite Society (Sheffield, England: JSOT Press, 1988),
John Hayes et al. (ed.), Israelite
and Judaean History (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977), J. Alberto
Soggin’s A History of Ancient
Israel (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985), M. S. Smith, The Early History of God, Yahweh and other Deities in Ancient Israel
(New York: Harper & Row, 1987), Morton Smith, Palestinian Parties and Politics that Shaped the Old Testament (New
York: Columbia, 1971), Bertil Albrektson, History
and the Gods (1967), Giovanni Garbini, History
and Ideology in Ancient Israel (London: SCM, 1988), Marc Brettler, The
Creation of History in Ancient Israel (1995), H. Saggs, The
Encounter with the Divine in Mesopotamia and Israel (London: Athlone,
1978), Robert Coote, Early Israel, A
New Horizon (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), John Van Seters, In
Search of History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), Aberbach
David, Imperialism and Biblical
Prophecy 750-500 (New York: Routledge, 1993), Bernhard Lang, Monotheism and the Prophetic Minority (Sheffield, UK: Almond, 1983),
Ahlstrom, Gosta, The
History of Ancient Palestine (Sheffield:
Sheffield Academic Press, 1993), Albright, William, The Archeology of Palestine, New
York: Penguin, 1960, James
Pritchard, The Ancient Near East
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958).
[iii]
Chester G. Starr, The Origins of Greek Civilization,
1100-650 B.C. (New York: Norton, 1991), The Awakening of the Greek
Historical Spirit (New York: Knopf, 1968), The Economic and Social
Growth of Early Greece (Oxford: Oxford, 1977), Anthony Snodgrass, Archaic
Greece, The Age of Experiment (Berkeley: University Of California,
1980), The Dark Age of Greece (1971), R.J. Hooper, The Early
Greeks (1976), Oswyn Murray, Early Greece (Cambridge: Harvard,
1993), M.I. Finley, Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Age (New
York: Norton, 1981), The World of Odysseus (1962), W.G. Forrest, The
Emergence of Greek Democracy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), Pavel
Oliva, The Birth of Greek Civilization (London: Orbis, 1981), A.R.
Burns, The Lyric Age of Greece (New York: St. Martin’s, 1960),
William Biers, The Archeology of Greece (Ithaca: Cornell, 1980).
Donald Kagan, in Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (New
York: The Free Press, 1991), Herman Frankel, Early
Greek Poetry and Philosophy (New York: Harcourt-Brace, 1962),
Christian Meier, The Greek Discovery of Politics (Cambridge:
Harvard, 1990), Jennifer Roberts, Athens on Trial (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1994), Walter Burckert, The Orientalizing
Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard, 1992)
[iv]
A.L. Basham, The Wonder that was
India (New York: Hawthorn, 1967), E. J. Rapson (ed.), The Cambridge History of India (1922), Romila Thapar, A
History of India (Baltimore: Penguin, 1966), Vincent Smith, The
Oxford History of India (1981), D.D. Kosambi, Ancient
India, A History of its Culture and Civilization (New York: Random
House, 1965), R.C. Mujumdar, History
and Culture of the Indian People (1951), Paul Masson-Oursel, Ancient India and Indian Civilization
(1967), Paul Deussen, The Philosophy
of the Upanishads (1966) N.K. Sidhanta, The
Heroic Age of India (New York: Oriental Books Reprint, 1975), contains
an interesting cross history of the Indian and Greek epic traditions.
Joseph Elder, Lectures on Indian
Civilization (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1970), Phulgenda Sinha,
The Gita As it Was, Rediscovering the Original Bhagavadgita (Lasalle:
Open Court, 1987), and Prem Nath Bazaz, The Role of the Bhagavad Gita in Indian History (New Delhi:
Sterling, 1975)
[v]
Kwang-chih Chang, The Archaeology of
Ancient China (New Haven: Yale, 1977), Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge, 1965), Fung
Yu-Lan, A Short History of Chinese
Philosophy (NY: The Free Press, 1966), V. Rubin, Individual and State in Ancient China (NY: Columbia, 1976), Benjamin
Schwarz, The World of Thought in
Ancient China (Cambridge: Harvard, 1985), H.G. Creel, The Origins of Statecraft in China (Chicago: Chicago, 1970), The
Birth of China (NY: F. Ungar, 1954), Donald Munro, The
Concept of Man in Early China (Stanford: Stanford, 1969), Frederick
Mote, Intellectual Foundations of China (NY: Knopf, 1971.
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